Beowulf

Beowulf is the greatest surviving work of Old English literature and the foundation of the English literary tradition. J.R.R. Tolkien's landmark 1936 essay transformed the study of the poem by arguing for its merit as a work of literary art rather than merely a historical document, and Seamus Heaney's acclaimed 1999 translation brought it to a vast modern readership.

The poem survives in a single manuscript that was nearly destroyed in the Cotton Library fire of 1731. Tolkien's 1936 essay, "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics," revolutionized scholarly understanding of the poem by insisting on its artistic greatness. Seamus Heaney's 1999 verse translation became an international bestseller, introducing the poem to a new generation of readers. Beowulf remains a core text at Oxford and Princeton.