Frankenstein

Frankenstein, subtitled "The Modern Prometheus," is widely recognized as the first true science fiction novel, a work that explores the moral and existential consequences of humanity's ambition to create life through technology rather than nature. Mary Shelley's tale of a creature brought into being by scientific hubris and then abandoned by its creator raises questions about responsibility, identity, and the limits of knowledge that have grown only more urgent in the age of artificial intelligence.

Written when Shelley was just eighteen years old during the famous "Year Without a Summer" of 1816, when volcanic ash from Mount Tambora darkened European skies, Frankenstein was published in 1818 and established the foundation for the entire genre of science fiction. Boris Karloff's iconic 1931 film portrayal cemented the creature in popular culture, and the novel has inspired countless adaptations across every medium, making "Frankenstein" one of the most universally recognized cultural references in the world.